Landmark Cases

Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978)

Landmark Cases

Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978)

The brief

Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978)

Article 21 and "procedure established by law".

You: Law student
Opposite: Constitutional law tutor

Citation: (1978) 1 SCC 248
Bench: 7 judges
Core holding: "Procedure established by law" under Article 21 must be just, fair, and reasonable — not arbitrary. Expanded due process into Indian constitutional law. Linked Articles 14, 19, and 21 (the "golden triangle").

Law student

Constitutional law tutor

The court is in session. Make your opening statement.